Achilles' Rejection of Agamemnon's Offer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Achilles Rejection of Agamemnons Offer - Essay ExampleGreeks heroes were known to perform heroic deeds, and Achilles is an opposite of this. He could have used the opportunity to accept the offer and show his heroism. His action of refusing to participate in the contest stained his heroic code of honor as both his friends, and the Greeks questioned whether he was a patriot to his country (Homer & John, 345). Known by the public as a great fighter, Achilles act of refusing to participate in the battle is an irony. Therefore, all the happenings that took place in the war were blamed on him because, as a warrior, he had refused an honorable settlement and allowed his pride to destroy his nation (Homer & John, 350).In conclusion, the act of Achilles in refusing reconciliation was a wrong act since the result was the fall of Greek and death of other talented fighters. Pride is a ruddy aspect for self-image, but when in-excess, it becomes a tool of

What went wrong with LIBOR, EURIBOR, etc Assignment

What went wrong with LIBOR, EURIBOR, etc - Assignment ExampleA lot of cases involving misconduct among employees were account. It is reported that Barclay derivative dealers made several requests to fix the currency rates. The Barclays traders would regularly call the Libor and Euribor traders asking for a specific rate.The liquidity concerns became high in the public domain. musical composition of this was contributed by the instant collapse of Northern Rock. Investigations were yet underway, but it was almost obvious that Barclays had played a role. At one point, senior treasury managers had to interject to visit publicity against Libor. It was later discovered that Libor submissions was being set unrealistically low.It was revealed by Barclays agent that they were underreporting as a means of trying to reduce the level of stigma against Libor. From these realizations, the litigation process began in the bid to unveil what was behind this. The matter was undertaken by officials from New York Federal Reserve Bank. The case proceeded up to 2012 when Barclays submitted to misconduct and the bank was fined about $60

Biblical Worldview Essay Example for Free

Biblical Worldview EssayIntroductionIn Romans we learn so many aspects of delivery boyians life. It tells us how we as Christians should view the natural world, our identity and our relationship with others, our culture, and civilization. There is so much more we could learn from this book. In Romans 1-8 we entrust find that the information in it is so much that we allow for not get the full meaning of exclusively the things it is saying unless we look deeper into it. Romans 1-8 takes us from our wide-cut inability to walk in good works, to paragons faithfulness in justifying, sanctifying, and glorifying us by our faith through Gods grace.The pictorial WorldWe on the whole know that God through his own words formed the natural world. God spoke the universe and everything that existence in it. As Christians we should know this because as believers, we believe the bible is a revelation of God and that it is not just a book written by human hands. Paul writes in Romans 120- 21 For uglinessce the creation of the world his invisible attributes are clearly seen, being understood by things that made, even in his eternal power and God head, so that they are without excuse, 21- because although they knew God, they did not glorify him as God nor were thankful, but became futile in their thoughts, and their foolish hearts were darkened. God made everything and he is showing those that disrespect him in his face with their sin himself so that when they know that there is a God and he created everything. kind-hearted identity operatorOur human Identity of who we as a mankind is that we all(prenominal) were made in Gods image. God created us equally, but he withal gives us the free will to choose to serve him or not. In Psalm 85 it says For you grow made him a little inflict than the angels and you have crowned him with glory and honor. And in Genesis 215 Then the Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of enlightenment to tend and keep it. We have many things that are wrong with us that we cant fix, so we need Jesus to justify, sanctify, and glorify us. We need all three those that we can be connected to Christ, live life, serverhim and when we die we will get to enjoy eternal heaven with him, and have everlasting life.Human RelationshipIn Romans 128 it says he who exhorts, in exhortation he who gives, with liberality he who leads, with diligence he shows mercy, with cheerfulness. What that verse is saying to all Christians is that our ethic is based all on have intercourse. We as humans know that relationships very confusing and are hardest part of life. We all have a sin against own bodies and souls, but it is a sin that is against others who were created in Gods image. If you are going to distinguish from your neighbor you might as well steal from God. We were all created in his image and we need to love and respect others just like we would God.CulturePaul says in Romans 11 that God will celebrate some in Israel becau se most of them were elect by the Patriarchs. Romans 12 says as Christians we are to live as a living sacrifice to Christ, while doing all these thing in love and showing our love to others through service. We as believers are to be humble and serve others with joy, as believers we are to work with others to Christs redemptive work. Christ is merciful, righteous, sovereign, and just God. He wants us to love another like he loves the world.ConclusionNo power in the flick above or in the earth below- indeed, nothing in all creation will ever be able to separate us from the love of God that is revealed in Christ Jesus our Lord Romans 839. Its so refreshing to know that I can always count on God to love me. Even when Im unable to love myself God will. It is a wonderful feeling to know that I can have a relationship with God, where and whatever I do, or say or think will never make him not love me. God will always love and be with me no matter what. God wants us to live for him. He also wants us to lead others to him.ReferencesNew King pile Version Bible (NJKB)

Aboriginal Cooking Methods Essay Example for Free

Aboriginal Cooking Methods EssayThe traditional focusings to cook for aboriginals used to involve roasting their food on hot coals, baking in the ashes steaming in ground ovens. But today theses things have changed the aboriginals have easier ways to cook using technology from today. They have adapted to make the c everywhere easier by boiling barbequing.RoastingWhen cooking meat, this was the basic technique, which was almost always used. They cooked most meat, fish sm every turtles.To make sure the meat was cooked through, it was also cover by ashes coals, which also made tough meat softer. The meat would be eaten quickly after roasting.Shellfish were also cooked on the coals on the out facial expression of the acquit, this way when they started to froth, they could be removed quickly.BakingBread damper was cooked in the ashes. When aboriginals made fires, they made sure they used the right kind of firewood, so that after the fire was out, the ashes could be used for cooking their bread. They were very careful as to which wood they used because roughly woods made to bread taste bad some caused irritation discomfort. Over time, it was the wattle seed that was found to be the most successful for cooking. It gave no bad taste, gave no one irritations produced a fine ash.Witchetty grubs simply needed to be quickly rolled over the ashes to be cooked. Then damper was put beneath the ashes then covered. To cook yam, or vegetables, they would dig a small tidy sum, place the vegetable in it, and then cover it with ash.SteamingIn the Wiradjuri areas, steam ovens nonetheless exist. The ovens were made by delve a press in the ground, they were about 90cm long, 60cm deep. The clay left over from digging was then made into smooth lumps then would be placed on top, once the hole was filled with selected firewood. While the wood burned, the clay became hot. The clay would then be removed with tongs. The pit would be swept out then lined with still green leaves grass. Then meat such as possums (because they were small enough) would be lain inside, covered with more leaves then the clay would be placed on top.To kick the steam escaping, the ground that was originally taken out when the hole was dug covers the clay.WrappingWrapping is still used in places like Arnhem Land. Vegetables are jailed in the moist paper bark from Melaleuca trees then placed in ground ovens.Today Aboriginals use more advanced methods of cooking. They have adapted their experienced ways to make them easier.BoilingAboriginals have now learned to boil foods in galvanized cans, tins, steel drums or whatever items are available. Because of this, ground ovens are universe used less less.BarbequingAlthough the Aboriginals dont have top of the range barbeques, they have got their own version. It is simply a piece of wire to hole pieces of meat or lettuce over red coals.Aboriginal DreamingAlthough the Dreamtime was in the past, it is the Aborigines reli gion culture that rules them today. The saying, As it was done in the Dreamtime, so it must be done today, dominates all aspects of the Aboriginals lifestyle actions. According to some Aboriginals, the Rainbow Serpent made the world. It is their belief that that is true. Religion is some peoples way, spiritualism is theirs.The Rainbow Serpent came from the Northern dirt while Australia was still in its dreaming stage. It traveled over the country, creating the mountainous locations by pushing the land into many ranges isolated areas.The Great Dividing Range is a creation of the rainbow serpents movements. Throughout its move over under the land, it created rivers, valleys, lakes. It was also careful to leave many areas flat.Once it was satisfied with its creation of Australia, spirit people came from inside it moved all over the country to form many different lifestyles, languages different stories.When the land was finally finished, it was ready for people, but there were none .Walya-Nam-Adiki was the woman who walked out of the sea met up with a tribal man. Seen as there were no people, they talked about the problem with having such a wonderful land, but no people to live there. To cakehole this problem, they had many spirit children together. Walya-Nam-Adiki told all her children to go to all different places across the country to speak new languages, make keep land water management. They were to substantiation in their chosen areas, to make social kinship systems which would make sure that there would always be people within their tribal boundaries.Other Aboriginals turn over that when the world first existed, that giant semi-mortal beings that resembled plants animals rose up from the flat land where they had been sleeping for countless ages.These beings wandered the land aimlessly. As they roamed around, theyperformed the tasks that Aboriginals do today. These included camping, making fires, digging for water, fighting each other per forming ceremonies. When they became tired of carrying out these rituals, the dreamtime ended. Wherever the creators had been, a natural landform now marks the place. The creators made everything which Aboriginals are in touch on with everyday from which they gain their living. Apart from forming the land, they also created the laws that govern the aspects of everyday life, which some Aborigines still live by.Aboriginals in Jail CustodyThe idea of over-representation of Aboriginal adults in prison is set down early for the younger generation to understand. In Juvenile Detention centers, aboriginals aged 10-17 were 24.2* generation more likely to be in custody than non-aboriginal children. For aboriginals aged 18-21 the over-representation rate was 9.6*Indigenous rates of imprisonment in adult prisons varied between about 4* times the non-indigenous rate in Tasmania up to over 20* times in Western South Australia.At almost any time, up to 80% of inmates in Northern Territory Co rrectional Facilities are of aboriginal descent. Whatever the intent, mandatory sentencing has more effect on aboriginals than any other ethnic group in the NT.Also legal philosophy custody rates for Aboriginal Torres Strait Islanders was 26.2* times more likely than people of other races. Aboriginals are 25% of people that are arrested 15% of people who are in jails are also Aboriginal.From data collected, aboriginals are over-represented in offences involving violence, breaking entering, breaches of justice procedures driving offences.Aboriginal people are 12 times more likely than others to be in prison forhomicide and 16 times for breaking and entering.One principle factor is that of the low status of the indigenous side of Australia in socio-economy culture.In 1988, Commissioner Muirhead stated that humanity and our countrys reputation demand a vigorous approach and new initiatives. Years later, Aboriginals still continue to die in police cells prisons.On 10th February, 2 000 a 15 yr old boy committed suicide in the Don Dale Correctional Facility in Darwin. He had a mandatory 28jail sentence for petty theft of pens, pencils paint. He was due for his release 4 days after his death. The Northern Territory chieftain Minister simply swept aside the death gave a statement There will always be deaths in custody.The death of the boy the surface area Liberal Party refused to even consider the re-appeal of the mandatory sentencing laws sent a break of outrage through many leading Australian, International Aboriginal groups. twain weeks previous to the death, a Federal Senate traveled to Darwin, to make a report on the laws. None of the Country Liberal Partys officials was prepared to give evidence at the hearing.The United Nations blasted Australia over these laws, the treatment of the indigenous people to this land. Also saying that Canberra could be in breach of the UN Convention to Eliminate racial Discrimination.*Based on records in 1998

Learning Organization Essay Example for Free

larn Organization EssayThe evolution of Organizational Learning has started in 1938 when John Dewey, in his book Experience and Education, tell the concept of experiential eruditeness as an ongoing cycle of playivity. But, how did this concept emerge? Or, what does it re ally mean for the businesses? In ramble to commiserate this, we film to meditate the problems and holds. The core idea behind acquisition agreement is that organizations of all kinds go out non survive, let al peerless thrive, if they do non acquire an ability to vary continuously to an increasingly unpredictable future. Or in early(a) words, in redact to survive and succeed for businesses, it is essential to establish or build stronger human relationships with customers, where thither argon rapidly changing, turbulent and/or soaringly hawkish market. Through learning, organizations may be better equipped to meet the challenges ca consumptiond by continuous environ cordial turbulence. In addi tion, where products and processes screw rapidly be copied, according to Arie de Geus, head of strategic planning department of Royal/Dutch Shell, the wholly real source of competitive advantage is to stimulate learning by employees.This may allow these individuals to identify fresh ways of working more closely with customers, which in turn permits the organization to differentiate itself from competition. However, the style of learning has to reflect the operational needs of the organization. For instance, a manufacturer which has adopted a transactional marketing style would probably choose to melt in a relatively stable market, produce standard comp whizznts and revolve about primarily on offering adequate quality goods at a competitive price.In much(prenominal) circumstances, assuming that the organizational systems are based around repetition of routine procedures, the firm would probably be well advised to focus upon creating a single-loop learning environment as the mo st appropriate way fur sustaining employee increase aimed at organizational efficiency. 2 On the other hand, in market roles where firms face periods of significant, discontinuous change and/or there is a desire to differentiatethe firm from competition through and through the adoption of a relationship marketing style, whence possibly an incre mental, more adaptive learning style, which is dea get away-emitting diode double-loop learning may be more appropriate, so to involve the exploitation of new experience to evolve new practices, perspectives and operational frameworks.Figure 1 Single- vs. double-loop learning. II. DEFINITION OF LEARNING ORGANIZATIONS Keeping in mind what we experience so farther discussed, now let us check both(prenominal) definitions of the Learning Organizations.Peter M. Senge, who is to a fault named as the father of this concept, describes learning organizations as organizations where tidy sum can continuously expand their talent to create resul ts which they real desire. In such organizations, new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, and collective aspiration is set free. Individuals learn to learn together. He declares b wizardheaded down, we are all learners. It is non only our nature to learn, but we love to learn. Chris Argyris and Donald Schon outlined the concept of learning organizations through the help of the definition of organizational learning where the process of detection and correction of errors rules. 3 Moreover, how de Geus defined learning organizations is very remarkable Forget your tired old ideas about leadership. The most successful companionship of the 1990s will be something called a learning organization? The ability to learn faster than your competitors, may be the only sustainable competitive advantage. angiotensin converting enzyme run short definition ability be the one of Kim, D., a learning organization is one that consciously manages its learning process through an inquiry -driven orientation among all its members. III. FIVE DISCIPLINES OF SENGE I have already mentioned that Senge was called as the father of the concept of Learning Organizations. When he first published his book The Fifth Discipline The device Practice of The Learning Organization in 1990, he caught a significant attention from academics and the business world. Peter M. Senge (1947- ) was named a ? Strategist of the Century by the journal of Business Strategy, one of 24 men and women who have ?had the greatest impact on the way we conduct business today. Moreover, Senge has founded the Center for Organizational Learning at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1991 while he is also the founding chairperson of the Society for Organizational Learning (SoL) and a senior subscriber at MIT. Being maybe the most important, namely the person having the most influence in Learning Organizations I will study his so called five disciplines in my project.4 3. 1 PERSONAL MASTERY 3. 1. 1 Introduction to Personal MasterySenge says, Organizations learn only through individuals who learn. Individual learning does non guarantee organizational learning. But without it no organizational learning expires. The hoi polloi are the main active major power in every aspect of the business. Since, mess have their own will and mind, and their own way of thinking it is essential that they be sufficiently motivated to challenge the goals of growth and conglomerateity. In todays practices, the manager should not be willing to dominate controlling, planning and organizing the workers activities. or else they should be enabling the people in the business have their own enriching lives through establishing and maintaining the conditions needed. One should be living his own life from a creative viewpoint, so as to turn the life into a creative work. Personal Mastery is the phrase Senge and his colleagues use for the discipline of person-to-person growth and learning. People w ith high levels of ad hominem mastery are continually expanding their ability to create the results in life they truly seek. From their chase for continual learning comes the spirit of the learning organization. 3. 1. 1. 1 Mastery and Proficiency.There are two main underlying movements when personal mastery generates a discipline, one of which is always continually making clear what is important for oneself, whereas the other movement is to continually learn how to see the current reality more clearly. It is vital to issue where you are now in moving toward a desired destination. People with a high level of personal mastery circumstances several grassroots features, one of which is that they have a special sense of purpose that lies behind their surveys and goals. 5 For such a person, a vision is an aspiration rather than just now a good idea.One other characteristic is that they live in a continual learning mode, where they never arrive. They lie with that personal master y is not something one possesses, but is a process, a lifelong discipline. Those with a high level of personal mastery are acutely aware of their ignorance, their incompetence and they have, or better to say truly believe that the journey itself is the reward. 3. 1. 1. 2 Why We Want It We want it because people with high levels of personal mastery are more committed, take more initiative, have a broader and deeper sense of responsibility in their work, and learn faster.Kazou Inamori, founder and chairman emeritus of Kyocera Corporation and president of the Inamori Foundation, who holds a bach of sciences in applied chemistry, says that Our employees agreed to live in a community in which they would not exploit separately other, but rather help each other so that we may each live our life liberaly. 3. 1. 1. 3 Resistance One of the issues against the personal mastery is the resistance, which in turn is a sound fear for companies in which the managers couldnt build a divided vis ion along with share mental models.It is useless to have personal mastery as only when without other disciplines of the organizational learning. Thats why we always have to keep in mind that personal mastery must go together with a shared vision and the other disciplines. 6 3. 1. 2 The Discipline of Personal Mastery 3. 1. 2. 1 Personal imagination Most adults have goals and objectives, but these are not visions. Thus, we can say that most have little sense of real vision. When asked what they want, many a(prenominal) adults will say what they want to get rid of, as if they identify themselves as given-ups, rather than grown-ups.Senge points that The ability to focus on ultimate intrinsic desires, not only on secondary goals, is a cornerstone of personal mastery. Vision is different from purpose, since purpose is similar to a direction, a general heading, whereas vision is a specific destination, a picture of a desired future. Vision is the mountain chain of your desired futur e. It shouldnt be confused with competition it shouldnt be isolated from the idea of ones purpose. It is something which has personal aspects along with material aspects, such as where we want to live and how often of savings we want, or issues the like health or freedom contribute, relatively.3. 1. 2. 2 Holding Creative Tension One testimony of Senge says that there is something called the creative tenseness which is the source of vitality derived from the ranch between ones vision and where it stands in reality. This gap can push someone forward to get closer to the vision stock-still it might also discourage some other people, so as to leading to feelings and emotions associated with anxiety. Imagine a rubber eraser band, stretched between your vision and the current reality. When stretched, the rubber band creates tension, representing the tension between vision and current reality. What does tension seek?Resolution or release. There 7 are two possible ways for the tensio n to re brighten itself pull reality toward the vision or pull the vision toward reality. Which occurs will depend on whether we hold steady to the vision. Figure 3 Creative Tension Negative emotions caused by anxiety of the creative tension, shouldnt be realized as the creative tension itself. What Senge argues, is that after some time what we call emotional tension will arise due to the negative emotions. In such cases, we feel late discouraged about a vision that is not happening and tend to lower the vision as an immediate so called remedy.It is clear that escaping emotional tension is easy but what we really pay against is self-aggrandizing up something what we profoundly want, our vision. In the context of organizations we can say that goals are slowly lowered because of low tolerance for emotional tension. What we have to do is to understand thoroughly what the creative tension is and allow it to operate without lowering our vision only then the vision becomes an active for ce in personal mastery. The gap in between should be used to generate energy for change. 8 Mastery of creative tension transforms the way we judge failure.It is simply an opportunity for learning. 3. 1. 2. 3 Structural Conflict The Power of your Powerlessness A research done by Robert Fritz has shown that practically all of us have a dominant dogma that we are not able to fulfill our desires. This in turn, is an obstacle one should get rid off. These beliefs, which are mandatory as a child to survive, were taught us so that we learnt our limitations. Most of us hold one of two contradictory beliefs that intrinsically limit our ability to create what so called we really want.The more mutual belief is in our powerlessness, namely our inability to bring into being all the things we really care about, whereas the other belief focuses on unworthiness, that we do not be to have what we truly desire. Fritz uses a metaphor to describe how contradictory underlying beliefs work as a system , which he calls the structural conflict, the metaphor counter to achieving our goals, through symbolizing the concept by another rubber band example. Figure 4 Effect of structural conflict to the creative tension.Later on, he identifies trey generic so called strategies to cope with the forces of structural conflict, each of which has its own limitations. Accordingly, one is letting 9 our vision to erode. This dodge will lead to the sacrifice of what we truly want as discussed earlier. The second strategy is to conflict manipulation which is actually the strategy of people who mostly worry about failure. What they do is to focus on avoiding what they do not want to happen. This strategy makes one to spend his/her life in worry and fear.For those following this strategy, which is also called the negative vision, there is little delectation in their life, even when they compass their goals because this time they immediately tend to begin worrying about losing what they have gained . The last and most favorable strategy is defined as the willpower, where we simply psyche ourselves up to overpower all forms of resistance to achieving our goals. Simply saying, motivating through heightened will. In the next section, we will discuss Senges strategy for dealing with structural conflict telling the truth. 3. 1. 2.4 Commitment to the Truth People often want a technique that they can apply to solve the problem of structural conflict. But, in fact, being committed to the truth is far more powerful than any technique. So, what does it actually mean? It means a hard willingness to root out the ways we limit or deceive ourselves from eyesight what is, and to continually challenge our theories of why things are the way they are. The first critical business in dealing with structural conflicts is to recognize them, and the resulting behavior, when they are operating.This helps us to develop so called internal 10warning signals, such as when we find ourselves blaming som ething or someone for our problems. What Senge suggests in this context is that we have to work on developing skills to discuss such situations with the people involved without producing defensiveness. We shouldnt always act in a manner where we always think of what others have done in the situation, rather we have to concentrate on what we can do. This in other words, relates to the fact that we have to understand, or better to say, realize the situation, the current reality in which we are, so to use this as a generative force.This has even been concluded in religions like Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Jewish, Buddhism. One example might be the statement of The truth shall set you free. 3. 1. 2. 5 Using the Subconscious One of the most fascinating aspects of people with high levels of personal mastery is their ability to accomplish extraordinarily complex tasks with grace and ease. But, how does this come to happen? It is through the subconscious that all of us deal with complex ity. What distinguishes people with high levels of personal mastery is they have developed a higher level of understanding between their normal awareness and their subconscious.Even the daily activities of us like walking, talking, eating or putting on your shoes are enormously complex tasks, for which we have learned the required skills of the tasks, which in turn led that the exclusively activity gradually shifts from conscious attention to subconscious control. People with high levels of personal mastery focus on the desired result itself, not the process or the means they assume necessary to achieve that result. This allows the person in focusing on the artistry of the result as well. 11In other words, we can say that we must work at learning how to differentiate what we truly want, from what we think we need to do in order to achieve it. In order to develop a subconscious understanding it is also important to commit to the truth, because when not telling the truth, most people create some level of internal stress. The principle of creative tension recognizes that the subconscious operates most stiffly when it is focused clearly on our vision and our current reality. One effective way to focus the subconscious is through imagery and visualization.For instance, world-class swimmers have found that by imagining their hands to be twice their actual size and their feet to be webbed, they actually swim faster. psychogenic practicing of complex tasks has become a routine psychological training for professional performers from different areas of interest. A strict reliance on only conscious learning could never have achieved this level of artistry, even if there was all the willpower in the world present. Contradictorily, it had to depend on a high level of subconscious understanding.3. 2 MENTAL MODELS 3. 2. 1 Introduction to psychic ModelsMental models can be described as the views and assumptions we hold in our minds about how things are and how things work . A mental model is like ones way of looking at whats happening in the world. In other words, it determines how we think and act. Mental models depend on the foregone experiences, and the perception as a result of those experiences, and observations. In the introduction I had introduced the experiential learning, which was the style of learning through past experience and some other elements 12 like concrete experience, observation and reflection, and forming abstract concepts.Accordingly, a child without knowing that it might cut his hand might take a knife in his hand and try to push it in his hand. This in fact, will hurt him a lot. However, grown ups already know how to deal with a knife, so they wont do the same mistake as the child does. All the experiences learnt are added up so to form or build up the mental models. 3. 2. 1. 1 Why the Best Ideas Fail? From the business point of view, one thing which is known by all managers is that many of the best ideas never get put into practice. Even brilliant strategies fail to get translated into action.New insights fail to get put into practice because they conflict with deeply held internal images of how the world works, images that limit us to familiar ways of thinking and acting. That is why the discipline of managing mental models ? surfacing, testing, and improving our internal pictures of how the world works- promises to be a major breakthrough for grammatical construction learning organizations. Our mental models determine not only how we make sense of the world, but how we take action, namely they shape how we act which puts them into an active sense. But, why are mental models so powerful in affecting what we do?In part, because they affect what we see. As psychologists say, human beings observe selectively. Mental models also pull round in the organizations, and also in management. Mental models could cause big losses in the business world as it can also prevent us from seeing the current situation. Loosing Americas car market share to German and Japanese countries was a result of the mental models of the management, where they are prevented to see the situation because of their models in mind, and perceptions. 13 The problems with mental models lie not in whether they are right or wrong-by definition, all models are simplifications.The problems with mental models arise when the models are tacit-when they exist below the level of awareness. 3. 2. 1. 2. Overcoming The Basic Diseases of the Hierarchy In the traditional authoritarian organization, the dogma was managing, organizing, and controlling, whereas in the learning organization, the new dogma will be vision, values, and mental models. In addition, in traditional organizations, merit means doing what the oldtimer wants, openness means telling the boss what he wants to hear, and localness means doing the dirty stuff that the boss doesnt want to do.However, in learning organizations these concepts will get new understanding s. 3. 2. 2. The Discipline of Mental Models Developing an organizations capacity to work with mental models involves both learning new skills and implementing institutional innovations that help bring these skills into regular practice. 3. 2. 2. 1 Managing Mental Models Throughout An Organization A concept of scenarios should be adapted in pursuit of mental models, so to force managers to guess how they would manage under different alternative paths into the future.This offsets the tendency for managers to implicitly assume a single future. When groups of managers share a ladder of alternative futures in their mental models, they become more responsive to those changes. 14 Mental modeling should be implemented as a philosophy. It is important to pit that the goal in mental modeling is not agreement or congruency. Many mental models can exist at once. What is important is that we have to consider all of them and test against situations that we confront. Only after the process work s it leads to congruency. 3. 2. 2.2 Managing Mental Models At Personal and Interpersonal Levels The learning skills of action science practitioners such as Chris Argyris fall into two broad classes skills of reflection and skills of inquiry. Where skills of reflection concern slowing down our own thinking process so that we can become more aware of how we form our mental models and the ways they influence our actions, inquiry skills concern how we operate in face-to-face interactions with others, especially in dealing with complex and conflictual issues. Reflection skills start with recognizing leaps of abstraction, which mean that our minds move at lightning speeds.Ironically, this often slows our learning, because we immediately leap to generalizations so quickly that we never think to test them. Namely, leaps of abstraction occur when we move from direct observations to generalization without testing. Here it is important to distinguish direct observation from generalizations inf erred from the observation itself. To distinguish it, explicitly separate it from the data which led to it. A second technique from action science is the left-hand column, which in turn is a powerful tool for beginning to see how our mental models operate in particular situations.It reveals ways that we manipulate situations to avoid dealing with how we actually think and feel, and thereby prevent a counterproductive situation from improving. The most important lesson that comes from seeing our left-hand columns is how we undermine opportunities for learning in conflictual situations. Here, a process called balancing inquiry and advocacy comes into action. 15 Managers are mostly trained to be advocates. In many companies, being a competent manager means, being able to solve problems, figuring out what needs to be done, and enlisting whatever keep back is needed to get it done.In such organizations, employees are rewarded according to their ability to debate forcefully, and influenc e others, where the inquiry skills are unrecognized. Those rewards unfortunately can bring the employees to managerial positions, where they suddenly face the fact that they do not learn while they should learn. Advocacy without inquiry between two people can end up in vicious circle. The more vehemently one argues, the more it creates a threat to the others position, so that the latter argues vehemently, which causes a threat to the first ones position, therefore, the first one argues even more vehemently.This reinforcing advocacy can be s conkped by inquiring. Then it gives a chance for the both parts to understand each others conflicts, and reasoning. When in pure advocacy, people do not want to show the weak parts of their reasoning, and discard them. Definitely it does not bring any learning to us. Instead it brings polarization within the group. When operating in pure advocacy, the goal is to win the argument however, when inquiry and advocacy are combined the goal is no mont hlong to win the argument but to find the best argument out of all.This combination allows us to discover completely new views. What we have to keep in mind is that practicing inquiry and advocacy means being willing to expose the limitations in your own thinking, namely the willingness to be wrong. 16 3. 3 SHARED deal 3. 3. 1 Introduction to dual-lane Vision 3. 3. 1. 1 A Common Caring A shared vision is not an idea, it is rather a force in peoples hearts, a force of impressive power. It may be inspired by an idea, but once it goes further ? if it is compelling enough to acquire concomitant of more than one person? then it is no longer an abstraction. It is tangible.People begin to see it as if it exists. Few forces in human affairs are as powerful as shared visions. At its simplest level, a shared vision is the answer to the question, What do we want to create? Just as personal visions are pictures or images people carry in their heads and hearts, so too are shared visions pict ures that people throughout an organization carry. When people truly share a vision they are connected, bound together by a common aspiration. Shared vision is one of the vital fundamentals of learning organizations, because it provides energy and also focus for learning.People should have something that really matters to them, something that makes them excited. A shared vision is not one dictated by that top management it only exists when people are personally committed, since it is their personal vision. 3. 3. 1. 2 Why Shared Visions Matter? In an organization, a shared vision changes peoples relationship with the company. What they so far called as their company, becomes our company. It helps to create a common identity. Only this way, a learning organization can really succeed. You cannot have a learning organization without shared vision.17 How can a commitment to the long term be fostered is the key question in efforts to develop systems thinking in management. People do not f ocus on the long term because they have to, but only because they want to. 3. 3. 2 The Discipline of Building Shared Vision Shared visions emerge from personal visions. This is how they derive their energy and how they foster commitment. The management should encourage individuals so as to let them create their own visions, as was told earlier in this project. However, these visions are not the shared vision itself.This is needed so that it will be easier for the individuals to accept visions of others and work in the same manner. In this way, the synergy which will be established is needed for the organization indeed. The shared vision shouldnt be written and taught to employees because this will establish a fear. Instead, everyone should adopt this vision and commit itself to the whole vision of the organization. 3. 3. 2. 1 From Personal Visions to Shared Visions To make it clearer, lets imagine a picture of a landscape. When you cut this picture into smaller parts, you will not b e able to see the whole sight.However, if you have a picture of an ocean in which all the organisms, like fish, plants, etc. live, and you cut it into pieces, you will still be able to see the whole sight because the vision of the ocean is the same in that part. Its like the shared vision. When you take the shared vision person by person into consideration youll see that they match each other and reflect the whole image. 18 So, it is the fact that when more people come to share a common vision, the vision may not change fundamentally. But it becomes more alive, more real in the sense of a mental reality that people can truly imagine achieving.Writing a vision statement, which is often a one-shot vision, can be a first step in building shared vision but, alone, it rarely makes a vision come alive within an organization. Another problem with the so called one-shot vision that was prepared by the top management is that the resulting vision does not build on peoples personal visions. Co ntrarily, it only reflects the personal vision of one or two people at the top. The last problem might be explained in the manner as the vision is not a solution to a problem. Building a shared vision must be seen as a central element of the daily work of leaders.It is ongoing and never-ending. It is not truly a shared vision until it connects with the personal visions of people throughout the organization. Moreover, visions that are truly shared take time to emerge. They grow as a by-product of interactions of individual visions. Experience suggests that visions that are authentically shared require ongoing conversation where individuals not only feel free to express their dreams, but also learn how to listen to each others dreams. 3. 3. 2. 2 Spreading Visions Enrollment, Commitment, and Compliance There is a big difference between compliance and commitment.The committed person brings energy, passion and excitement, which in turn brings the synergy he does not play by the rules of the game, instead feels responsible for the game, and will not hesitate to change the rules of the game if they stand in the way of achieving vision. On the other hand compliant followers only accept the vision, but do not have a personal desire. They may want it in order to keep their job, or to get a promotion etc. , but they know that its not their vision at all. For an organization to survive, it must ensure that a shared vision with the commitment of the individuals is established.19 However, there are the types of genuine compliant followers, which may often be mistaken for enrollment or commitment. What then is the difference between being truly compliant and enrolled and committed? The answer is deceptively simple. People who are enrolled or committed truly want the vision, where genuinely compliant people accept the vision. They may want it in order to keep their job, or to get a promotion etc. , but they know that its not their vision at all. 3. 4 TEAM LEARNING 3. 4. 1 I ntroduction to Team Learning 3. 4. 1. 1 The Potential Wisdom TeamsIn order to understand team learning, it is important to understand what teams are. The word team can be traced back to the Indo-European word deuk (to pull) it has always included a moment of pulling together. (The modern sense of team, a group of people acting together, emerged in the sixteenth century) We define teams as any group of people who need each other to accomplish a result. This definition is derived from a statement made by former Royal Dutch/Shell Group formulation coordinator, Arie de Geus The only relevant learning in a company is the learning done by those people who have the power to take action.Team learning is a process of aligning and developing the capacity of a team to create the results its members truly desire. It builds on the discipline of developing shared vision. It also builds on developing personal mastery, for talented teams are made up of talented individuals. But shared vision and talent are not enough. The world is full of teams of talented individuals who share a vision for a while, yet fail to learn. 20 Here we can discuss the terms unaligned and aligned teams. The fundamental characteristic of the relatively unaligned team is wasted energy.Individuals may work extraordinarily hard, but their efforts do not efficiently translate to team effort. By contrast, when a team becomes more aligned, a commonality of direction emerges, and individuals energies harmonize. There is less wasted energy. In fact, a resonance or synergy develops, like the coherent light of a laser rather than the incoherent and scattered light of a light bulb. There is commonality of purpose, a shared vision, and understanding of how to complement one anothers efforts.Individuals do not sacrifice their personal interests to the larger team vision rather, the shared vision becomes an extension of their personal visions. In fact, alignment is the necessary condition before empowering the in dividual will empower the whole team. Team learning is possible in every area, sports, business, performing arts, science, etc. It can even have extra ordinary results where the teams can be coordinated and even intelligence of the team can exceed the intelligence of its members totaling. In such an environment, team members can also show a rapid growth, than they could gain individually, namely constructing the synergy.With the changes in the organizations, team learning has never been that important. No matter if its a product development team, management team or cross-functional task forces. As they are teams, they are the people who need one another to act. The three critical dimensions of Team Learning can be described as 1. Insightful thinking is necessary for complex issues. Teams must learn to end up with one more heavy solution when compared to each of the participants solutions. 2. Innovative and coordinated action is vital.

Desert Industry

Desert Industry INVESTIGATING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGEIN THE SMALL SCALE DESSERT INDUSTRY IN SOUTH WALES.1. INTRODUCTIONFinancial Success often depends on grocery storeing ability of a firm. Finance, operations, accounting and other business functions cannot help unless there is adapted demand of products and services of a firm in the market. Hence, the focus of the firms today is totally on the nodes (Kotler and Keller, 2006). In broader sense, the whole marketing process can be defined in the following diagram In every stage of the marketing process, a firm not simply has to keep its focus on the nodes exclusively to a fault have to keep the efforts to be ahead of its competitors. Hence, in each stage of the marketing process, a firm tries to be ahead of its competitors by gaining a militant payoff over them. In order to do this, certain competitive strategies ar followed. These strategies involve taking offensive or en garde actions to create a defendable position in the ind ustry. The best competitive dodging for a firm is unique and dependent on the challenges that the firm is facing. However, it is not possible for a firm to enjoy a competitive advantage in the market over a same strategy for long name basis. So, with the change in the external environment and competitors strategies, the competitive strategies of a firm, in like manner, has to undergo certain changes.The project proposes to study competitive advantage for small firm in desserts industry, which has created a niche segment for itself in the competitive dessert and bakery market of S come out of the closeth Wales. It also aims to study the importance that such small firms fall to competitive advantage and the way they evolve with clock.2. FOCUS2.1 AimBy considering the above mentioned facts, the aim of the project has been narrowed down toTo study Wales dessert market taking into consideration the prominent players in the industry, thereby, identifying the evolution of its compet itive advantage and strategies over a period of time and the possible opportunities and threats in the coming time.2.2 Objectives1) To study Wales Dessert market and evolving competitive strategies of prominent players of industry with time.2) To carry on a comparative study on the competitive strategies of the prominent players of wales dessert market. 3) To identify the upcoming threats and opportunities, hence, making recommendations in basis of how players can gain competitive advantage over its competitors.3. CONTEXTThe impression of gaining competitive advantage forms the gorge of marketing activities in an organization. Working on a project using a study on competitive advantage would be a nifty value addition to me as a student of marketing specialization. This is because of the reason that agonistic advantage encompasses almost all major aspects/fields of marketing ranging pay from the conception of product development through product promotion to product launch and s trategies for its sustenance in the market. The reason for choosing not similarly developed dessert market was that selective information about the competitive advantage and strategies of large firms and MNCs is well talked of in books, articles, news, journals. Even while compounding theories and frame works related to competitive advantage and strategies, theorists have given major consideration to large companionships and MNCs. The Focus of project on such small segment industry is to understand the aspect and dimensions of the concept of competitive advantage and strategies at a small scale.4. LITERATURE REVIEW4.1 About the Conceptual frameworkCompetitive advantage The ConceptThe concept of Competitive Advantage was compounded by Michael E. Porter in 1985. In order to create a defendable position in the market or in order to survive successfully in the presence of various competitive forces so as to generate high returns on investments, it is important for a firm to take eit her offensive or defensive strategies (Porter, 1998).Resource Based TheoryThe major contribution of the resource-based view of the firm to date has been as a theory of competitive advantage.It argues that it is very important for a firm to develop a applyable competitive advantage (SCA) within so as to successfully survive in highly competitive market. According to the theory, achieving a SCA allows the firm to earn economic returns over its investments. Also, it lays emphasis on how firms achieve and sustain competitive advantages. The theory puts forward the idea that in order to gain competitive advantage, possession of certain key resources that have unique features like value, barriers to duplications and appropriability, acts as an effective stimulus. The theory also stresses upon effective deployment of the resources in the market to maximize returns and on the appropriate strategic pickax of the firm (Fahy and Smithee, 1999).A customer should assemble any competitive adva ntage as a customer advantage. For example, if a company sells fresh food than its competitors, this leave not be a customer advantage if customers do not value fresh food. Companies must concentrate on building customer advantages because only by focusing on customer advantages, high customer satisfaction and vale can be assured which further leads to repetitive purchases that be i.e. A loyal customer base and at last higher market sh ar (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Resource-Based Model of Sustainable Competitive Advantage Source (Adapted from Fahy and Smithee, 1999)Porters Generic StrategiesThese argon the Basic approaches to strategic planning that can be adopted by any firm in any market or industry to improve its competitive performance. For an organisation to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage Michael Porter suggested that they should follow either one of three generic strategies1) Cost Leadership2) note3) FocusThese strategies are applied at the business unit lev el. They are called generic strategies because they are not firm or industry dependent. Each generic strategy implies different skills and requirements for success which ordinarily translates into differences in organisational structure and culture. Cost Leadership A firm is said to be following the strategy of cost leadership if it is able to deliver a product with same features and quality as its competitors but at a comparative lower cost to the customer. For a business to achieve such a strategy, it is important to achieve low cost of production and distribution. In short, the strategy emphasizes on charging lower price than competitors to gain more market share (Kotler and Keller, 2006) (Dibb et al, 2006) and (www.quickmba.com).Differentiation The differentiation strategy, unlike cost leadership, lays stress on delivering products with the benefits exceeding the same products produced by the competitors in the market. According to the strategy superior performance of the pro duct is precious by a large part of the market (Kotler and Keller, 2006) (Dibb et al, 2006) and (www.quickmba.com). Focus The focus strategy is also known as a niche strategy. This strategy is adopted when a firm is neither in a position to implement cost leadership nor differentiation strategy. In this strategy the focus in terms of efforts and resources is confined to on a narrow and defined segment of a market. A niche strategy is often apply by smaller firms. A company could use either a cost focus or a differentiation focus.A firm using a focus strategy often enjoys a high degree of customer loyalty, and this entrenched loyalty discourages other firms from competing directly (Dibb et al, 2006) (Kotler and Keller, 2006).PROS1) Porters generic strategies model achieves to reduce the strategic alignment of the organisations amid cost and differentiation. The model successfully indicates that differentiation strategy is equally effective as cost leadership.2) The selection of a generic strategy provides direction to counseling and staff that helps them acquire internal consistency between management style, reward system, recruiting policy, etc. so as to shape its internal structure as per the choice of strategy of the firm.CONS1) The concept of porter generic strategies is mostly focused on large multinational companies with multiple business units although the strategy can be implement on small organisations too, but the tools employed in the strategies are too complex to add optimum value to them.2) Porter stated that competitive strategic analysis needs to happen on an ongoing basis. But even when a quantitative/economic change in the industrys conditions is detected, the reaction is frequently too late to realign the company. Most change occurs bottom-up, intuitively and creatively, and can be detected early using soft selective information rather than hard dataPorters Five Forces Michael Porters Five Forces of Competitive Position model provides a simple perspective for assessing and analysing the competitive advantage or strength and position of a corporation or business organization. Industry structure and positioning within the industry are the basis for models of competitive strategy promoted by Michael Porter. The Five Forces diagram captures the chief(prenominal) idea of Porters theory of competitive advantage. Source (Adapted from Ankli , 2007)Bargain Strength of Supplier Since a powerful customer always has the discretion of forcing supplier for discounts, delay stipend or preferred services, later, sometimes have to partly finance the former, so the supplier has to partly finance them. As for examples, Enormous bargaining power is enjoyed by huge Supermarket chains that have huge, concentrated buying power (C Murphy, 2005) (Thompson and Strickland, 2004).Bargain Strength of Customers The bargaining power of the customer depends on the range of choice of suppliers that it has with him/her. In a situation of monopson y, where one customer has the choice of many suppliers, the bargaining power of customer is high to an extent where he himself sets the price. Whereas for a situation where customers are poorly placed, their bargaining power is negligible and hence they have to accept the terms offered by the suppliers (Ankli, 2007) (Aaker and McLoughlin, 2007) (Thompson and Strickland, 2004).Potential Entrants The firm has to be alert from not only the competitors but the new entrants in the market pose equal threat of market share being snatched. The possibility is even higher if there are minimal barriers to the entry and exit to business entities in the market. However, in reality, the industries have the policies that protect the financial interests of existent firms in the market and restrain additional rivals from submission the market (Thompson and Strickland, 2004) (Ankli, 2007).Substitutes Another set of competitors that may pose threat to the market share of a firm are the firms that pr oduce the products that can be interfered against the existing product of the firm. This threat is of high intensity if there is high willingness among the customers to riffle from the use of current product to its substitute. Some major factors that may stimulate the willingness of customers to switch to the use of substitute can be use of breakthrough technology in substitute, Steep price difference between the existing product and the substitute (C Murphy, 2005) (Ankli, 2007).Industry Rivalry The intensity of competition is directly proportional to the structure of the industry. What matters here is the number and capability of your rivals if you have many competitors and they offer equally semiprecious products and services, then in this situation you will have little power. If you are doing the same thing what others are doing i.e. suppliers and buyers are not happy with your deal, theyll go elsewhere. On the other hand, if you do that no-one else can do, then you can often have tremendous advantage and strength (Thompson and Strickland, 2004) (Ankli, 2007). According to Obasi Richard, with the use of the concept of Competitive advantage and strategies, it would be easier for the firms to have a better insight in business situations and the appropriate strategies pertaining to these situations. Also, the managers would be able to make tactical decisions rather than relying on their intuition, experience, or trial and error alone (Akan et al, 2006).4.2 About the Chosen Sector The desert industry of UK is although small industry however it is growing at a sound pace. Since last few familys many new players have entered in this segment and have been using competitive marketing strategies like Online Marketing, Customisation etc to sustain and do well. According to the website of British baker magazine there is an increase in the cake and cake bars market by 7% in the year 2008 as compared to 2007 to reach GBP 1.52 bn. According to research from Minte l out of the whole only two-third of the consumers only consume the cakes, frequency of use and penetration level is declining. Report also stated that the market is likely to grow between 2008 and 2013 by 26 % (www.bakeryinfo.co.uk).According to Reuters the UK biscuit and the cake market in the year 2007 was approximately to be worth GBP 2.96bn, a boost of 13.6% since 2003. It is likely to see a rise in the biscuit and the cake market between 2008 and 2012, even though this may be largely driven by rise in input cost. Biscuits and cakes are getting a tough competition from other alternatives such as fruits and savoury snacks but its value growth is maintained due to some added value activities (www.reuters.com). It can be seen that the dessert industry is growing and considerable research can further contribute to aspiring small desert industries which is my intention.5. Research Methodology5.1 Research ParadigmThe research paradigm which will be used in the dissertation is Phenome nology. Phenomenological approach to research is so called because it is based on the way people experience social phenomena in the world in which they live. Phenomenologists are concerned with what things mean, rather than with identifying and measuring phenomena. They are particularly interested in the idea that human experience is a valuable source of data, as distant to the idea that true research or discovery lies in simply measuring the existence of physical phenomena.5.2 Research ApproachSince the project aims to find out competitive advantage and competitive strategy, so the findings of the project would be qualitative in nature.5.3 Research MethodsDifferent research methods used for primary data are* Surveys* In Depth InterviewsDifferent research methods used for Secondary data are* Self study from internet* Books* Research articles and journals5.4 SamplingFor the analysis, two samples are considered, namely a. Consumers b. Players in the Dessert IndustryThe consumers woul d be taken from all age groups, geographic locations and lifestyles. Similarly, players too would range from the biggest players in the market to the small organizations mired in the same business.5.4.1 Sampling CriteriaFor the analysis, two samples are considered, namely a. Consumers b. Players in the Dessert IndustryThe consumers would be taken from all age groups, geographic locations and lifestyles. Similarly, players too would range from the biggest players in the market to the small organizations involved in the same business.5.4.2 Number of Respondents/Participants For Customers 125 150 For Players 10-155.4.3 Sampling TechniqueThe probability Technique will be used. The probability sampling is also known as random sampling. It gives each member of the target population an equal probability of selection.5.5 Methods to analyse elementary DataThe study would use MS excel for the analyses of the primary data and text analysis as well.6. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION AND ISSUESEthical considerations towards respondents* Proper information about the study* Anonymity of the participants* Freedom to choiceEthical considerations for self* Clear communication with respondents* Use of authenticated data* Proper interpretation of data7. REFERENCESMURPHY, C. 2005. Gathering, Analysing and putting it to work 1st edition. Aldershot, Hants Gower Publishing LimitedDoyle, P., Stern, P. 2006. Markeing Management and Strategy 4th edition. Harlow, Essex Pearson Education LimitedDibb, S., Simkin, L., Pride, W., Ferrell, O. 2006. Marketing Concepts and Strategies 5th edition. Boston, MA Houghton Mifflin CompanyThompson, A., Strickland, A. 2004. strategic Management Concepts and Cases 13th edition. New York, NY McGraw-HillAaker, D., McLoughlin, D. 2007. Strategic Market Management 7th edition. Chichester, West Sussex John Wiley Sons, LtdKotler, P., Keller, K. 2006. Marketing Management 12th edition. Harlow, Essex Pearson Education LimitedPorter, M. 1998. Competitive Advantage Crea ting And Sustaining Superior Performance 11th edition, New York, NY The Free PressQuickMBA. 2007. Competitive Advantage WWW http//www.quickmba.com/strategy/competitive-advantage/ (15th Nov, 2009)Bakeryinfo.co.uk. 2008. cake market on the up but trends are changing WWW http//www.bakeryinfo.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/3879/Cake_market_on_the_up,_but_trends_are_changing.html (13th Nov,2009)Reuters. 2008.Fahy, J., Smithee, A. 1999. Strategic Marketing and the Resource Based View of the Firm. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 10, pp. 1-20Ankli, R. 1992. Michael Porters Competitive Advantage and problem History. Business and Economic History, 21, pp. 229-232Akan, O., Allen, R., Helms, M., Spralls, S. 2006. Critical tactics for implementing Porters generic strategies. Journal of Business Strategy, 27(1), pp. 43-538. TIME PLAN In 6 calendar months of the dissertation 2 weeks will be dedicate to introduction 1 month will be dedicated to Literature Review. 2 months for data analysis. 1 m onth for research methodology. 1 month for conclusion

Sales Promotion Girl in Indonesia

gross gross gross gross revenue Promotion Girl in IndonesiaSales Promotion Girl in IndonesiaSales advancement female child is basic eachy a female child who is promoting or selling both(prenominal)thing. She is one of the marketing parts of a troupe to promote their proceeds to the customer. In Indonesia, the term gross sales progress young lady has arrived to a certain and unique connotation which is considered negative. Sales forwarding lady friend in Indonesia is identical with young filles wearing naughty outfit seducing people to barter for slightlything. They ar usually high school or university student -young and attractive essentially stealing all the glances from people around them.It is a bit unstated to find the most correct definition of sales progression lady friend. thither is no such entry in the dictionary and when you fontd it in the internet, mostly leave alone give you a false answer, practiced a cheap direct writing sales procession young lady to make people click on that site. on that point is no information contained there, just ads. They essential to increase their click to string money from the internet business.This is some the result I get from Wikipedia ( English) when I entered the keyword of sales forwarding little girl. Tell Me Why (Spice Girls song)Tell Me Why is a song by the Spice Girls , which was scheduled as the second However repay able-bodied to poor sales of Forever, the single was later 5 KB (623 words) 2203, 25 November 2009 Forever (Spice Girls album) (section Promotion)Forever is the third studio album by English pop group the Spice Girls , drop in sales comp ard to beca character of lack of promotion especially 13 KB (1,459 words) 2155, 25 November 2009 Sen measurental graffitowhich spurred a large media sales campaign designed to widen the A unit entitled SG girls was formed and numerous characters and concert 10 KB (1,487 words) 0747, 25 March 2009 Step to MeKingdom running a vastside sales promotion activities, no checkoutly one by where them off and received the free Spice Girls CD single Step to Me 2 KB (259 words) 0430, 16 November 2009 Giants and Toys butt jointdy company to compete with the rival Giant and Apollo companies over caramel sales. tomboy girl with boastful center of their promotional campaign 2 KB (303 words) 0459, 18 November 2009 Purple Haze (album)to the lack of promotion Camron asked to be released from the label. The album was certified G aged by the RIAA with sales of over half a 7 KB (981 words) 0359, 24 November 2009 Boys Like GirlsBoys Like Girls is an American rock band from Boston , Massachusetts , who gained promotional front page first week of sales, thus 22 KB (3,033 words) 2251, 25 November 2009(http//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearchsearch=sales+promotion+girlgo=Go)I wonder why there is no entry for sales promotion girl in Wikipedia. Is it because people outside Indonesia did not use that te rm? I found that it is actually hard to find a relevant article to support my research. Most of them is just those cheap ads site or the porn site which including sales promotion girl as their tag.Sales promotion girl is something which could not be separated from the company chain of supply. Sales promotion girl is the one who is facing the customer personally. there atomic number 18 sales promotion girl which be essential and non complete. Organic means that those sales promotion girl are the real employee of the company which are in charge in promotion of the sanitary-behaveds do by the company. Non organic means that the sales promotion girl is only a temporary workforce which is hired with a limited time contract. The sales promotion girl could come from their individual or from the function which provide at ready to use sales promotion girl stock. There are even sales promotion girls which comes from an outsourcing company. Nowadays, there is overly security, ski rt operator or cleaning service which comes from those company.The existence of the sales promotion girl in a promotion event such as supple road trip or stand exhibition is useful in attracting the customer. The prospective customer allow for firstly look at the physical visual aspect of the sales promotion girl, if they think that she is attractive, they might ask to come to the stand, receiving some brochure attached by them, trying the product, etc.On the contrary, there is some company which do not feel that the existence of the sales promotion girl is important, especially the non organic one. This is due to the sales promotion girl which are non organic usually do not bring in a good competencies for the product which they are going to sell. They do not have time to find out about the product acknowledgeledge usually because the sales promotion girl is usually accepting a sudden occupancy. There are also some sales promotion girl which care cipher with their product knowledge. They just think that they must attract the customer with their physical appearance and just natural endowment the customer a brochure and explain the product just in brief. They just think how to end their shift and get the money for that day. Unlike the organic sales promotion girl who is more adept at the product knowledge because she is a part of the company. However, not every non organic sales promotion girl is like that. There are also non organic sales promotion girl who are trying to learn the product knowledge deeply. They are positioning themselves just like the common customer who allow unceasingly want to know the detail of the product. They could even be a professional sales promotion girl who buy the product which they are going to sell so that they could understand what the customer result feel after buying the product.Sales promotion girl must master the product which they are going to sell. She must know what their competitor do. For example, a sales promotion girl of Kartu resplendence must understand the product knowledge of Kartu Halo and understand all of the varied postpaid services such as Xplor from Excelcomindo Pratama and Matrix from Indosat, and vice versa. Thats why the company and the sales promotion girl leave alone need CAD (Competitor Activity Data). After the sales promotion girl has master more product knowledge and the competitors, this sales promotion girl will be a qualified sales promotion girl. There is not uncommon for this type of non organic sales promotion girl could enter the high position of the company and get an important position at the company which she use to joined partially.There are public known that the requirements to be listed as one the sales promotion girl come mostly from their physical appearance. They should be tall, white, pretty, and willing to use a sexy uniform which in fact, has no relation to the product they are selling. Sometimes, they are also selling things which have no correlation to a woman. Well, sometimes, an separate requirement such as the fluency in English or other language is necessary, only if it is not mandatory.The most popular theater in this sales promotion girl business is in the cigarette and political machine industry. Could you imagine a sexy lady climax to you and asking whether you are smoking or not? She is bringing a pack of cigarette with a bunco skirt and tight blouse which hardly covers her underwear. Most people-usually the male would label YES even if they are actually not smoking. They are just doing it to keep the conversation, to make her keep talking to them. Then, she will promote her product-cigarette in this eggshell, explaining its taste, the sensation and the brand, which will not even reach their brain which are now occupied as their renderosterone production increasing. The hell with the cigarette. perhaps it is what they are thinking in that situation. Then, she will give you a free sample of cigarett e. You smoke it and hope that you will look cool to her. Then you will buy two packs of the cigarettes to impress her, she will say thank you, and left you with two packs of cigarettes which you wont even smokeAnother case of the sales promotion girl is in the automobile industry. There is usually a car exhibition in the center of the shopping mall. There are a lot of new cars showed which are usually keep an eye on by sexy ladies who will gives you a brochure of that car. Both the girls and the cars will likely take all of the male species circumspection. No ashes could resist the temptation to cheep a glance on the masterpiece work of human and god Himself. The business is using the ultimate presentation of God to sell the ultimate creation of mankind.From the logical point of view, the practice of this sales promotion girl is belittling woman. It makes people questioning whether the business is utilizing the woman to sell their product or they are selling the woman instead. We ll, they are not really selling the woman, but they are selling them literally. They are dressing her, exposing her in order to get peoples attention and eventually buy their product. It makes people think that Indonesias woman is available for sale.Essentially, the duty of a salesperson is to attract the prospective customer, promoting his/her product, and then persuade them to buy the product. hardly as time goes by, customers need something which is more attractive to make them turn their attention to something. They are tired of the sale announcement, free product, or special declare oneself with small star written terms and condition apply. They need something more straightforward. Something which they could instantly obtained without having to do some requirement. The sales promotion girl is the answer to all of this demand. You want to see her? Just go ahead. You could look at her from the distance. You dont need to buy a product to look at her. It will cost you nothing to see those amazing figure. Its all for FREESales promotion girl is always being the frontal line of a sale, especially in presentation of a new product. In promoting their product, sales promotion girl must have 4 skills in1. SeeA customer of course want to see the product which he is going to but first before he finally decided to buy the product. It means that the product must be attractive to them. That includes the people who are selling those products. The sales promotion girl should be attractive in order to make the customer see their product.2. get togetherAfter the customer is attracted to the product, this is the time for the sales promotion girl to touch the customer needs and wants to provoke them to buy the product. This is the chance for the sales promotion girl to allow the customer to look closely or even try the product which they are going to buy.3. Feel DifferentAfter the customer coming to the stand, trying the product, the sales promotion girl should give them detail explanation about the product. What makes them different from other product? What is something special about those things? Will it be beneficial for the customer?4. BuyFinally, it is time for the closing sales. Physical attraction power combined with fluency in communicating between the sales promotion girl and the customer will finally lead to the decision of the customer to buy the product.That is the reason why most people using the sales promotion girl rather than sales promotion boy. Nowadays, some people also feel empty when there is no sales promotion girl on an exhibition. It can be said that in an exhibition it is not only the product which the customer are looking for. It is also the sales promotion girl which is now an important part for the show.The spark of the sales promotion girl human being in swelled events has attract many young girls with beautiful body to do this antic which give quite good income. Many of the sales promotion girl are actually trying fo r the first time but then they got addicted to it. Maybe it is because of the money of the junior and the senior sales promotion girl are the kindred, or mayhap it is because the work area which do not absorb too many brain of physical power.There is usually no special visitation to be a sales promotion girl. Theres usually not even a single test held. Just submit your photo, identity, and interview (which sometimes is not conducted) and you are officially worked as a sales promotion girl.Psycho test, which are usually held before hiring someone, is used to 1. Make objective decision.Psycho test will be supported by standardized test utensils which could increase the objectivity of the decision. By doing so, the decision to accept or reject a new employee will be based on the strong objective reason.2. Validity of the test utensils.Psychology test is developed by scientific method so that the interpretation of the test is accurate and bona fide to predict the prospective employe e psychotic personlogical. If this method is combined with the interview, it could accurately predict the performance of the prospective employee.3. Reduce the cost of wrong recruitingA mistake in recruiting a wrong employee is very costly for the company, in example in the training fee or the advertising fee. Its not even included the energy and time used to the recruitment process. A psycho test could reduce those cost and they are relatively cheaper compared to the cost spent if the employee chosen is not competent. A psycho test also ensures a high chemistry between the prospective employee and the employer.But, there is also some exception to this psycho test. There is some case which the psycho test is not necessitate. The reasons are1. They nature of the job.There is some company which uses employee only for temporarily only, for example for data entry. If the entry job is done, than the job is done. The company did not need to use that employee again. For this type of job, psycho test is not effective because the employee wont be in the company for a long time. However, there is also some exception for this reason, for example if the employee, even temporarily working at the company, is having an important job. In that case, the occurrence of a psycho test is a must.2. The responsibility of the job.An employee at a managerial level or the position which has a high effect to the company will be fracture to use a psycho test. There are a lot of money and cost allocated to those people and if the company chooses the wrong people, the cost could be multiplied.3. extensive term career development.If the job and the position has a possibility of a career development, it will be better to use a psycho test so that the company could get an employee which is really fit between the job and the characteristic of the individual psychological.4. The cost of the test.Many company which have a big cost budget for the recruitment process so that they are doing the test for every position. However, there are also some company which does not have it. Due to that, it is necessary to find out the need of psychological test which is fit with the position which needs to be filled. Do not find a senior manager with a unhealthful psychological test which is not accurate.5. The availability of the prospective employee in the market. There is time in a specific job where the prospective employee is very high, making it easier to find the replacement immediately. In the other hand, there are also certain position which the candidate is very scarce and very hard to be found. For this type of position, it will be better if the company uses the psycho test because that kind of job usually needed some specific psychological requirement, or those people on the market who has specific personality. For this type of job, the company will need to make an accurate decision, which could be obtained by using this psycho test.So, by considering those factors, it i s clear why sometimes sales promotion girl recruitment uses no psycho test. Maybe the job of the sales promotion girl is just a temporary job, or there is no career path for the sales promotion girl. It could also be possible that the company has no budget to conduct a psycho test for the sales promotion girl or maybe there are so many sales promotion girl availability in the market which makes the company think that there is no use to conduct the psycho test. (http//www.portalhr.com/klinikhr/strategis/4id1252.html) translatedBeing a sales promotion girl is not a very hard job. Due to by the fun got while working, sales promotion girl sometimes feel comfortable in doing her job. Sometimes being a sales promotion girl could even bring some other fun outside their work life. Creating a new relation and having an easy access to enter a nightclub really lead them to the hedonism lifestyle. All of this are mostly a result of trying or following a friend.There is even some of the sales pr omotion girl which leave their reproduction in high school or university. They do that because they feel comfortable in being a sales promotion girl. They are addicted to the sales promotion girl job. Their life has become a public concern, especially for a rich male who is looking for some sexual replenishment, which could increase their income.There is a new slang in the sales promotion girl world bellyacheed SPG BISPAK which stands for SPG bisa dipakai (could be used). It means that the sales promotion girl could be book anytime. With a sum of money they are willing to sleep together. Well, not every sales promotion girl are bispak, but that kind of sales promotion girl has really contaminated the job of the sales promotion girl. Those sales promotion girls who feel that they are not bispak should handle the peer crush of the other people. Actually those sales promotion girls who are bispak is actually coming from those good girl who are just trying or invited by their friends .To know which kind of sales promotion girl are you encountering to is not easy. Even if they are seducing and naughty, that dont straightly means that they are the bispak. The personal approach is the best way to get more service from the sales promotion girl. The reason why many people prefer to have sex with a sales promotion girl is that they are different from the prostitute which are selling themselves in the street. Sex, is not their main business, so that people think that they are fresher and tighter compared to other prostitute. They do not do sex every day, just sometimes perhaps. Having sex with a sales promotion girl has less risk either. From the health, because they do not have sex as much as the prostitute, they have smaller chance to infect the sexually transmitted disease. Of course, that benefit should be covered by a lot of money.There are also some of this sales promotion girl who have dedicated themselves to be wanita simpanan (2nd wife) for certain people. It could be a rich businessmen or ministers. They are facilitated by them in return of the sexual replenishment given by the sales promotion girl. They are given an apartment to live, a car to use, or even with a driver. All that they need to do is just to keep this a secret, wait for a call from her man, and give them the best service that they could.To ameliorate the term sales promotion girl, some company changes it into Female Presenter. There is no difference in the profession, with the same payment, same rules, same job description. Too bad that even the name has been changed, but the impression made by them is stay the same. They are a young, good looking lady who is seducing man to buy their product.All of this sales promotion girl features cannot be changed by sales promotion boy. There is a umbrageous example from inspirasipakde.com. Two pictures comparing sales promotion boys and sales promotion girls. Even if they are taking the same pose, It just doesnt make it.From my po int of view, maybe because I am a male, Id rather choose the girl ads, and I do not want to see those boys posing in front of the car. It is just disgusting.But there is not only good story exist in the sales promotion girl world. There is also a amusing story. When Anlene, a milk product was launching their product for the first time and the company didnt have enough fund to accommodate their transportation, the sales promotion girls are the one who became the victim. They should sit in the truck to be able to promote their product to the consumers. They do this so that the sales promotion girl could give personal approach to every consumers. Nowadays, as Anlene has grown into a big company, they are still using their sales promotion girl forces to keep their position in the market. We could easily spotted Anlene sales promotion girl in Carrefour or giant. Of course, they are not using the truck to get there now.In Indonesia, it must be tough For the sales promotion girl herself t o keep hanging on this job. Not because of the income. A sales promotion girl is well paid in terms of salary. In 2009, a sales promotion girl could get Rp 300,000,00 per day for a full day work at a big event such as international expo, not including the commission obtained from the sale they made. The burden mostly comes from other people view of her. Maybe the people who pass by will think that she is a cheap woman, selling herself in the public or doing something haram for the Muslims by showing her body to other people. But those burdens would not equal to the negative view given by people near her her family, her friends, or her boyfriends. What if they think that she is such a shaming girl? What if they bend to call her as a sister, or daughter, or mother? The money she get will be worthless compared to all of this burden. There will always be a battle in a sales promotion girls heart. I wonder if she asks herself everyday whether what she is doing is a right thing.Infogue, Indonesian social portal, used to interview a sales promotion girl named Nina. She is a university student who works as a sales promotion girl to pay her study fee. At the time being, she is working at Indonesia International Motor Show (IIMS) 2008. She is a new girl in this industry, who has only just 1 grade experience, but has been hired by many company. She starts this job by being a sales promotion girl for a cigarette, cell phone and automobile company.She said that from job, she could know a lot of people characteristic and feel more independent. She could now pay her own tuition fee for her bachelor degree. She admitted that she got different salary from each company, but the highest salary comes from cell phone company which could pay her Rp 300,000,00 per day. From 10 days of exhibition, she was usually hired for 8 or 9 days. In a month, Nina said that she could get 2 or 3 job. Could you imagine how big it is?Nina also said that being an automobile sales promotion girl i s really tough because she need to have a lot of product knowledge. The customers are likely to ask a question and sometimes she could not answer those questions.Since she could get a lot of money from this job, she never thinks to work in the office. Moreover, her parents support her in doing her job. Once she heard her friend who was working in the offices story. She thought that the office job was so boring, just sitting inside the room and not getting as much salary as she get. She prefers to satisfy people just like what she does in this job(endel, infogue)Another story of from the sales promotion girls side of view is the story of Dewi. She is a 19 year old girl, who is working as a sales promotion girl in Arena Pekan Raya Jakarta at Kemayoran, Central Jakarta. When she is interviewed by Kompas, she is wearing short red skirt and a tight blouse with a hat and ponytail. She is working at a Japanese motorcycle company. Her job is to accompany the potential purchaser and explai n everything related to the product which they want to buy. That day, Dewi could sell 2 motorcycle after she clearly describe the products advantage. Dewi is not ashamed to work as a sales promotion girl. She uses everything she has such as her attractive face, nice body figure, and her talking ability. At 2007, Dewi was paid Rp. 100,000,00/day. That number, of course, does not include the bonus received if she is able to make a sale. At that time, she was aiming to get 5 million from the Pekan Raya Jakarta event.Unfortunately, not every sales promotion girl is paid as high as Dewi does. The sales promotion girl in furniture is only paid Rp 20,000,00 up to Rp 50,000,00 per day excluding the commission for the sales made. Too bad that those girls do not get as much fortune as Dewi do. Compared to the motorcycle product, the furniture product is not attractive to the customer.There is another girl named Fitri. She is not actually a girl now. She is a mother of 1 child. She tells her b oss that she is still single and has no children to be accepted as a sales promotion girl. She does this to get some money and hopefully a big bonus to increase her income. (Adi Kurniawan, kompas cyber media)Do you know DJARUM Cigarette? That product is made in Indonesia and has been imported abroad. It is very popular outside of Indonesia, it even has its own ads on the penthouse magazine. Too bad that Djarum promote their product by using those sexy sales promotion girl with nearly no clothing attached to them. The writer of the article ask whether we should be proud by this achievement or not.(Djarum Ads) (Djarum Sales promotion girl)It could be concluded that Indonesia is a hypocrite country from this issues. The country which is well known as one of the biggest Muslims country in the world is in fact, allowing such thing to occur. While the house of representative is proposing an anti-pornography constitution, the capital of the country is displaying semi-pornography show. The capital of the country-Jakarta, which is recently rated as the 2nd worst city in the world, the symbol of hedonism and materialism is totally contradicting the constitution. There even used to be a case of Yahya Zaini, a minister of religion is taped having sex with a dangdut singer. It really show how hypocritical we are.If you typed the word sales promotion girl in google, the first entry of the page will be those sales promotion girl related to sex. Sales promotion girl video, pictures, sex tape, everything about the negative one. If you type the word sales promotion girl and search for its picture, you will see mostly are pornographic photo of them. Better keep your parental control on if you are with your children.There is a site in the internet named www.spgindonesia.com. They are a company which provide a sales promotion girl or boy service. Here are the information on the homepage.Welcomes to www.spgindonesia.com www.spgindonesia.com is Event Organizer initial from supply ar ea services of Stand Guide (SPG/SPB) and the conspecific. Since established in 2004 until now we have more than 1000 brilliant friendly crews professionals which become the main capital in promoting a product during event take places. This website also can be the place to meets the exhibitor/ owner and the Stand Guide (SPG/SPB). Exhibitor from industrial circle, company and even from agent or distributor. www.spgindonesia.com will be help you for the event like Presentation, launching product, flocculent/grand opening, photo session, gathering, TV program, TV Commercial, video clip, celebration, conferences, meeting, seminar, fashion show, exhibition and other event.As easy as click the mouse, the picture of our crew and their personal datas can bee seen in this sites. Even the service request of the crew can be recruited on line. Come from the service feeder of stand guide, this sites also provides model of advertising print ad and also audio visual, usherette at opening e vent, bridesmaid at event of wedding ceremony, musician, disk jockey, comedian, announcer, master of ceremony, presenter, singer, dancer nor becomes mannequin, catwalk model and actress. For institution, company and also individual who is requiring employee( formal/temporary officer), like Liaison officer, secretary, operator, receptionist, marketing, executive and other, we will provide as according to criterion characteristic required.In the advances, we also provides packet event of celebration ( music group, singer, DJ, dancer, comedy, MC and other) tidy with theme based on the request of the event organizer.(http//www.spgindonesia.com/home.asp)At this site, the customer could use a sales promotion girl to be Hormein24Stand guidePresenterSingerInterpreterUsherMaster of Ceremony social dancerCity GuidesPrint ad modelCinema castingLiaison officeMusicianAudio visual modelCatwalkEscort/companionDJHormein24In certain event such asHormein24ExhibitionCinema castingWedding ceremonyMus ic concertEntertainmentShootingProduct launchingPhoto sessionSports eventSeminarFashion showTourHormein24We could see that this site is really providing competent sales promotion girl in many different type of event. If only every sales promotion girl could follow this good example, the negative image of a sales promotion girl could perish.From the request tab of www.spgindonesia.com, we could see that all we need to do to use one of their crew services is by just simply sending the client identity, interested in using their service as, for what event, the date, time, and place of the event, and the client could even choose the crew which they want to use. There are a picture for every crew in www.spgindonesia.com. The client just need to tick the sales promotion girl which they want from the total 55 crew of www.spgindonesia.com. This practice looks like we are choosing the girls which we want to use in the massage center.There are also other sales promotion girl agency which opens their recruitment at the internet. They are also offering their service through the internet. This is the result I find when I type the keyword sales promotion girl agency in google Hiburan Model Indonesia29 Apr 2009 Bursa lowongan kerja Sales Promotions Girl/Stand Guide. Elok Agency Agensi SPG (sales promotion girl). Jakarta. Kamis, 21-Agustus-2008, www.endonesia.com/mod.php?mod=katalogop46 Tembolok Mirip Model Indonesia Network Foto Model Agency Photo Model model agency charge artis fashion model indonesia foto model indonesia models indonesia Sales Promotion Girl (SPG) Calon Model Wanita model-indonesia.net/ Tembolok Mirip spg Foto Model Agency Photo Model Indonesia Cari Artis model agency management artis fashion model indonesia foto model Lowongan Kerja SPG SEPATU CV BINA CIPTA MANDIRI di Sidoarjo November 2009. model-indonesia.net/spg.html Tembolok Mirip Doeta Agency, SPG agency, SPG event, Usher, Umbrella girl, Caddie 13 Nov 2009 Doeta Agency, S PG agency, SPG event, Usher, Umbrella girl, Caddie Architect Contractor Forums Architect Property Club Ad 88DB id.88db.com/id//Property_Agent_Developer_Community/? Tembolok Kerjasama Dancer , sexy dancer , SPG (sales promotion girl 30 Jun 2008 FAMOUS AGENCY adalah pe